Mexicanas Famosas Tirando

Pilsudski

"People like Joseph Pilsudski did not come into the world to light up like a meteor in the night and leave behind the darkness. Dani are the people as an eternal light, as a signpost ( ...) and just beyond the grave are their greatest victory " - I wrote after the death of Polish Marshal Jan Lechon. May 12, 1976 marked the death anniversary of a great patriot and visionary, reviver independent existence of the Polish state. CV Marshall, however, is generally known, I would therefore only recall the message that he left at the time of his death.

Jozef Pilsudski was born on December 5, 1867, in Zutow in Vilnius. And as she wrote in his memoirs, the wife of the Marshal - Alex: "His ardent patriotism Pole, his profound relationship with the Polish culture, developed the centuries-long tradition of binding the Earth of Lithuania with the Polish. (...) He spoke sometimes of himself: "I am a Lithuanian." Sounded these words in his mouth the same sound - so far in the mouth of Adam Mickiewicz sounded the first stanza, the largest Polish epic. "Lithuania is my homeland, you are like health." Once liberated Eastern Borderlands sword and oswabadzał them from Moscow's invasion, did not want or rape, or force orężną this land to enable the Polish. Give people complete freedom to terminate his or her will. He did not want her to impose anything like you did not want our relations internal factors determined the alien. "

About Poland imperial

Jozef Pilsudski - raised by his mother in the cult of great deeds - the idea of \u200b\u200bPolish great-power cores. He decided therefore to follow the lead of Stefan Batory, Jan Zamoyski, Fr. Peter Complaints, Ladislaus IV, King John III Sobieski and lead to the establishment of the Polish state, a strong executive power, which would improve often perishable mechanism of parliamentary democracy. Thanks be compounded forces of the Republic.

Marshall well, because he realized that the Poles have a chance to survive in this extremely dangerous part of Europe, just in case if they have an independent and strong country. The source of the power of that country were to be free citizens, harmoniously combining activity for the Fatherland from the personal and social affairs. Yet contemporary Poles, who, for more than 60 years taught the country a vision of small, weak and dependent, not always able to imagine the great Polish and strong. Similarly, in the first years of the twentieth century, when the later Marshal of the staff was preparing the fighters for independence of Poland.

Jozef Pilsudski saw the Republic as a regional power in Eastern Europe - like the reign of the Jagiellonian. According to this concept, the Poles would be federated (or even just allied) with the nations directly adjacent to them from the east, according to traditional Polish principle of "free with free, equals." Would create the political organism of such great potential demographic and military, that they could effectively paralyze all efforts invasive, both Russian imperialism and German.

Organized in this way the Republic of Many Nations would not have to seek alliances no worship, be it western or any other. It would have been able to steer the whole development of this part of Europe, in the interests of Polish and its federated nations. In February 1919, saying about Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine, Jozef Pilsudski stated: "(...) on the bayonets of those countries to bring the freedom without reservations. " Unfortunately, these nations do not understand the significance of the historic opportunity and not supported (except Petlura Ukraine) Commander of the idea of \u200b\u200bfederation, which zemściło later on them severely. And vengeance to the present.

As a result, he says Mieczyslaw Pruszyński (see: The Secret of Pilsudski, Warsaw 1996, p. 196) - in November 1920 years Pilsudski took the Crimean Tatars and the representative told him that Poland has so far not yet independent. "(...) Everything has been done, it's just priming the road to independence. (...) Poland can not be truly independent between the two giants. (...) As long as many nations remain in the Russian yoke, as long as we can not look to the future calmly. " contrast, in winter 1924/1925 in talking with Colonel Janusz Sulejowek Gluchowski, said: "You do not maintain the Polish. The storm, which comes is too great. Current Polish is capable of living only in a unique period of history (...) gold I lost my life. I failed to bring to life a large compound federation with which the world would have to count. "

Only a strong Poland

autumn 1925 in the Locarno Pact was signed Rhine, very unfavorable to us, because they undermine our alliance with France and Germany urged to seek review from the Polish border. Despite this, our Foreign Minister - Alexander Skrzynski, took care of personal recognition from the great of this world, without a protest put his signature under it, and upon returning to the country bałamucił opinion, arguing that Locarno was a true success. He did this with such success (he was a great speaker), that he was appointed prime minister.

But Pilsudski was well aware of the defeat suffered in Locarno, cleverly disguised the pacifist platitudes. The Weimar Republic with the Soviets concluded a nonaggression pact (April 26, 1926) in the absence of any reaction of France and Romania. Undoubtedly, the awareness created in the west was a threat to the Polish one of the reasons that led Marshall to two weeks later to reach the final authority.

1926 years the May coup was aimed primarily against sejmokracji, partyjniactwu, corruption, and finally the liberal Constitution of the March, 1921, creating and sanctioning a state of affairs, which permanently weakened Poland. The situation was extremely dangerous due to the proximity of two huge demographic potential enemy military: the Soviet Union and the German Reich. Thus, it is primarily the external political conditions of the Second Republic contributed to the concept of Jozef Pilsudski in the direction of the rejection of the liberal model of democracy, as selfish in form and in content antynarodowego.

nightmare of war with Germany

in October 1931 in Bucharest, the Marshal of one night he confided to the officer, holding the service with him, so many dangers that threatened from Poland inside and outside, that perhaps in 10 years, Poland will not exist. In 1932 the Polish charge d'affaires in Cairo, Mieczyslaw Malinski, who every day talking with resident on leave Pilsudski, he mentioned that he was "deeply troubled, deeply pessimistic, that he saw the future in very dark colors. I was with these półsłówek clear that he saw as the danger is always just in Russia, I still think if the Germans get along, as if those relations calm, and absolutely did not believe that some modus vivendi with Russia was possible. " (see WA Zbyszewski, Unknown testimonium about Pilsudski, "Historical Papers", Paris 1963, z. 4, p. 51).

Pilsudski, realizing that all his efforts against both the Weimar Republic and Third Reich, to be taken to improve Polish-German relations remain without consequences, decided to make a complete change of front. If the Third Reich sought to play endurance, it was immediately, without wasting time - while the vast majority of forces were available - to destroy Nazism in the bud. Therefore, twice - in the spring and autumn 1933 years suggested by the combined forces of France to carry out - a preventive war. And France has refused twice. Then acted like Czechoslovakia, which, though threatened by German imperialism, but trusting in the support of France and England, did not agree on a joint campaign with the Polish anti-German that could reverse the disastrous developments.

Hitler, however, seriously concerned about the possibility of preventive war Pilsudski proposed to conclude a ten-year nonaggression pact. Pilsudski agreed, even though the judge, that the pact will give us peace of mind on the part of Germany is to ten years, but only at most four. After the conclusion of the pact Speaker invited President Moscicki, and former prime ministers. Explaining the reasons for the conclusion of the pact, said that the system may provide Poland with four years of good relations with Germany, ie the room until 1938. For more years is not vouched Commander.

At that time an increasingly difficult external situation Polish - between the two neighbors are constantly enlarging its armed forces - Pilsudski felt every year of peace with Germany as a valuable, since it ensured the existence of Poland. the end of life believing that the war with Germany in the existing conditions will mean the end of the Polish state, because France did not come to our aid, and Stalin will use the opportunity to avenge the year 1920 and take us to the eastern borderlands. "The war with Germany was a nightmare, which tormented my husband always" - recorded in his diary lady marshal Pilsudska (see Alexander Pilsudska, Memories, Warsaw, 1989).

After Pilsudski's death, ousted from power by Moscicki and Smigly-Rydz, on April 2, 1939 the most faithful and closest political associate of Marshal - Valery Slawek, deprived himself of life of the revolver, which still used in combat actions in the years 1906-1908. Committed suicide at 20.45 is the same, which ended his life with a beloved commander. Over the years, discerned the various causes of suicide. The most accurate opinion, however, seem Miedziński Boguslaw, who saw the relationship between death and the upcoming Slawek war.

Miedzinski turned attention to the fact that the Slavic committed suicide after giving Poland a guarantee by the British Government, "(...) At Beck's departure for London, the aim is not only acceptable, but to develop these guarantees in the bilateral alliance, known as Hitler treated as a casus belli. (...) He saw approaching a random moment for the Polish and had not seen, felt their place " (see B. Miedzinski, With memories of Valery Sławek," Historical Papers ", Paris 1973, z. 23, p. 153).

Last message

Bohdan Urbankowski his two-volume study Fri "Jozef Pilsudski - a dreamer and a strategist," concludes a detailed description of the last will of the late Marshall. "(...) Two days after the death of Pilsudski found a card already written a letter indistinct, as if the hand of death has already led. The "last", and if they have a death wish, is a testament to the already mentioned Pilsudski. This is one of the strangest, most amazing texts. In his words, is everything: the disease and size, correct pride and childish weakness. Let me quote it here in full:

"I do not know if they want me buried in Wawel. Let! Let's just my heart then closed hide in Vilnius, where are my soldiers, which in April 1919 as chief of Vilnius me as a gift at the feet of throw. On stone or tombstone engraved motto, chosen by me for life:

"When I could choose, he chose instead
slot home an eagle on the rocks, let him know how
sleep when the eyes red from the thunder I heard a groan
devils in the pines rustle
So I lived. "

And I implore all, what I love to bring my mother's corpse from Sugint Wiłkomirski Vilnius district to bury his mother and the largest Polish knight me. Let the proud heart at the foot of a proud mother rests. Mother buried with military honors on the carriage body and let all the cannons roar farewell salute and a welcome so that the windows shook in Vilnius. Mother me to this role that I fell hid. On the stone that we have a tombstone engraved with the poem "Wenceslas" Slovak beginning with the words:

"Proud of misfortune can not (like all the others follow the same by - editor. author) "

Before his death, Mom told me a few times for her to read."

And so it happened, in his memoirs of Alexander Pilsudska wrote: "(...) body was buried at the Wawel Castle and the heart at the feet of mother-to-Rossie, among the soldiers' graves. As I heard the ancient graves of the battle came after 1919, the graves of soldiers who tried to defend Vilnius from the Bolsheviks in 1939 and the graves of soldiers who died in the battle for Vilnius in 1944. My husband Vilnius loved him and felt a deep connection. When you talked to me about the limits of the Republic, called it "limits minimum and always add:" Not an inch of land of less, and who loves me, let the arms of Vilnius, to not get up in foreign hands. " Today, looking at the fate of the land borderline ask myself whether my husband, who wished to have inscribed on his heart this tragic verse, he had a hunch that after years of over the grave of Mother and Son will be hissing painfully bereaved Vilnius pine, weeping over the lost freedom. The words of the poet beloved by her husband include in the most complete description of the life and struggle for freedom that led Jozef Pilsudski. "

Piłsudska Alexander was no longer the data will never go to Vilnius after the war, if there was, napisałaby still in his memoirs about the Soviet crutches, traces of which remain on the granite plate dedicated to the memory of Mother and Son, Heart. Napisałaby also that there are also next to her husband's heart - Those who served with him last guard. Nobody from the guards do not slowed down, and they have not fled, even when the tanks Soviet on September 18, 1939 trying to enter Minsk road, which runs alongside the cemetery in Vilnius. Gave their lives at the mausoleum, which guarded the end of the ... Today, with this disc is not worth the military, though no one ever told the station did not cancel!

See also:

Marshal Pilsudski explain the reasons for its intervention in May 1926. Scene from Richard Filipskiego "coup", see below: